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Termites are less likely to be attacked by fleas than bees, wasps and ants, as they're generally well protected in their mounds.122 Nevertheless, termites are infected by many different parasites. A few of them include dipteran flies,123 Pyemotes mites, and also a high number of nematode parasites. Most nematode parasites are in the order Rhabditida; many others are in the genus Mermis, Diplogaster aerivora and Harteria gallinarum.
M. anispliae is known to weaken the termite immune system. Infection with A. nomius only takes place when a colony is under great anxiety. .
Termites are infected by viruses including Entomopoxvirinae and the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus.130131
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Foraging behavior depends on the form of termite. For instance, certain species feed on the wood constructions that they inhabit, and many others harvest food that is near the nest.132 Most workers are rarely found out in the open, and do not forage unprotected; they rely on sheeting and runways to protect them from predators.
When they find a food sourcethey communicate to other soldiers and a tiny force of workers starts to emerge. In the second stage, workers appear in large numbers in the website. The third phase is marked by a decrease in the number of soldiers present and an increase in the number of workers.136 Isolated termite workers may engage in Lvy flight behaviour as an optimised way for finding their nestmates or foraging for food.137.
Competition between two colonies consistently results in agonistic behavior towards each other, resulting in fights. These struggles can lead to mortality on both sides and, in some situations, the gain or loss of territory.138139"Cemetery pits" may be present, in which the bodies of dead termites are buried.140
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Studies show that when termites encounter each other in foraging areas, a few of the termites deliberately block passages to prevent other termites from entering.134141 Dead termites from different colonies found in exploratory tunnels contributes to the isolation of the area and so the need to construct new tunnels.142 Conflict between two competitors does not necessarily occur.
Since C. formosanus colonies can get into physical conflict, a few termites squeeze tightly into foraging tunnels and perish, successfully blocking the tunnel and ending all of agonistic activities.144.
Among the reproductive caste, neotenic queens may compete with each other to be the dominant queen when there are no primary reproductives. This struggle among the queens leads to the elimination of all but a single queen, which, together with the king, accepts over the colony.145
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Ants and termites can compete with each other for nesting space. In particular, ants that prey on termites normally have a negative effect on arboreal nesting species.146
Most termites are blind, so communication primarily occurs through chemical, mechanical and pheromonal cues.41134 These means of communication are employed in a variety of tasks, including foraging, locating reproductives, construction of nests, recognition of nestmates, nuptial flight, locating and fighting enemies, and defending the nests.41134 The most common visit here method of communicating is via antennation.134 A number of pheromones are known, including contact pheromones (that are transmitted when workers are engaged in trophallaxis or grooming) and alert, trail and sex pheromones.
Trail pheromones are secreted from the sternal gland, and gender pheromones derive from two glandular sources: the sternal and tergal glands.41 When termites head out to search for food, they forage in columns along the ground through vegetation. A path can be identified by the faecal residue or runways which are covered by objects.
When termites construct their nests, they utilize predominantly indirect communication. No single termite are in charge of any specific construction project. Individual termites respond rather than think, however at a group level, they display a type of collective cognition. Particular structures or other items such as pellets of columns or soil cause termites to begin building.
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The result is a self-organised process where the information that directs termite activity results in changes in the environment rather than from direct contact among individuals.134.
Termites can distinguish nestmates and non-nestmates through chemical communication and gut symbionts: chemicals consisting of hydrocarbons released from the cuticle permit the recognition of alien species.148149 Every colony has its own distinct odour. This odour is a result of genetic and environmental factors such as the termites' diet andThe composition of these bacteria within the termites' intestines.150.
Termites rely on alert communication to defend a colony.134 Alarm pheromones can be released when the nest has been breached or is being assaulted by enemies or potential pathogens. Termites constantly avoid nestmates infected with Metarhizium anisopliae spores, through vibrational signals released by infected nestmates.151 Other methods of defence include intense jerking and secretion of fluids from the frontal gland and defecating faeces containing alarm pheromones.134152.